mike fusco’s homework

chapter 15
sect. 1
1 During Darwen’s travels, Darwin made numerous observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about he way life changes over time.
2 Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different galapagos islands.
3 Evolution is the change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. It is feffered to as a theory because it is an explanation of a phenomena that have occured in the natural world from modern organisms descending from ancient organisms. 

sect. 2

1 the two ideas are from hutton and lyell hleped scientits recognize that earth is many millions of years old, and the processes that changed earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present.

2 Lamarck proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. these traits could then be passed on to their offspring. over time this process led to change in a species.

3 Malthus reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone. Malthus proposed that war, famine, and disease limited the growth of human populations.

4. Lamarck’s theory of evolution has been rejected because he did not know how traits are inherrited. he did not know that on  organisms behavior has no effect on its inheritable characteristics.

sect 3

1 In artificial selection, nature provided the variation among different organisms, and humans selected those variations that they found useful.

2Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on earth for millions of years. evidence for this process could be found in the fossil record, the geographical distribution of living species, homologous structures of living organisms, and similarities in early development.

3 the evidence that darwin used was evidence for this process could be found in the fossil record, the geographical distribution of living species, homologous structures of living organisms, and similarities in early development.

4 The sruggle for existence is that members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life. it was based on Malthus’ work by population growth.

 Chapter 16

sect 1

1The there are two main sources of genetic variation: mutations and the gene shuffling that results from sexual reproduction.

2 The range of the number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on how many genes control the trait.

3  A gene pool is the combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population. Allele frequencies are related to gene pools by the relative frequencies of an allele is the number of times that allele occurs in a gene poo compared with the number of times other alleles occur.

sect 2

1Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution.

2 natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways: DIRECTIONAL SELECTION, stabilizing selection, of disruptive selection.

3 In small populations , the genetic drift lead to a change in a populations gene pool by individuals that carry a particular allele may leave more descendants than other individuals, just by chance. over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to become common in a population.

4 Hardy-Weinberg’s principle is that there are five conditions that are required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation to generation: there must be random mating; the population must be very large; and ther can be no movement into or out of the population, no mutations, and no natural selection.

sect. 3

1 As new species evolve, populations become reproductively isolated from each other.

2 Speciation in the galapagos finches occurred by founding of a new population, geographic isolation, changes in the new population’s gene pool, reproductive isolation, and ecological competition.

3 Behavior can play a role in the evolution of a species by having an effect on whether the species stays alive or not, what the species does and how it choses and where it choses to live.

chapter 15

1 during his travels, darwin made numerous observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about he way life changes over time.

 2 Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different galapagos islands.

sect. 2

1One explanation for evolution proposed that the selective use or disuse of an organ led to a change in that organ that was then passed on to offspring.

2  Lamarck proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. these traits could then be passed on to their offspring. over time this process led to change in a species.

3 Malthus reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone.

 4 Malthus proposed that war, famine, and disease limited the growth of human populations.

sect. 3

1 in artificial selection, nature provided the variation among different organisms, and humans selected those variations that they found useful.

2 in the process of artificial selection, humans select from among the naturally occuring variations in a species.

3 Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment.

4 Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on earth for millions of years. evidence for this process could be found in the fossil record, the geographical distribution of living species, homologous structures of living organisms, and similarities in early development.

 chapter 16

sect. 1

1 there are two main sources of genetic variation: mutations and the gene shuffling that results from sexual reproduction.

2 the two main sources of genetic variation are mutations and the genetic shuffling that results from sexual reproduction.

3 the number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on how many genes control the trait.

sect 2

1Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution.

2 natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways: directional selection, stabilizing selection, of disruptive selection.

3 stabilizing selection takes place when individuals near the center of a curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end.

4 when individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle, disruptive selection takes place.

5 in small populations , individuals that carry a particular allele may leave more descendants than other individuals, just by chance. over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to become common in a population.

6 five conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation to generation: there must be random mating; the population must be very large; and ther can be no movement into or out of the population, no mutations, and no natural selection.

sect 3

1 As new species evolve, populations become reproductively isolated from each other.

2 when two populations of a species becoem reproductively isolated, new species can develop.

3 speciation in the galapagos finches occurred by founding of a new population, geographic isolation, changes in the new population’s gene pool, reproductive isolation, and ecological competition

Ch 15

evolution- change over time

Theory-a well supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occered in the natural world

fossil-preserved remains of ancient organisms

Natural variation- differences among individuals of a species

Artificcial selection- makes possible for things to produce a wide range of plants and animals that looked very different from their ancestors

struggle for existence- members of each species compete regularly to obtain food

adaptation- any inherited characteristics that increases an organisms chance of survival

natural selection- refers to Darwin’s theory of survival of the fitest

descent with modification-every species desends with changes from other species over time

common descent- all specieswere dervived from comon ancestors

vestigal organs- may resemble mini legs tains or other structures

Ch 16

gene pool- the combined information of all the members of a particular population

relative frequency- the number of times that an alele occurs in a gene pool

single- gene trait- downward dip in the center of the hairline

polygenic traits- traits that are controlled by two or more traits

genetic drift- a random change in allele frequency

founder effect- when allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

hardy-weinberg principle- states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change

genetic eqilibrium- when allele frequiencies remain constant

speciation- a formation of a new species

reproductive isolation- when the memebers of two populations cannot interbreed andproduce fertile offspring geographic isolation- when two populations are seperated by geographic barriers such as rivers temporal isolation- two or more species reporduce at different times

13-1

Key Concepts

Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.

Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by including mutations which are the ultimate source of genetic variability.

Vocab

Selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, polyploidy.

Sec. 2

Key concepts

Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules. Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells to cut DNA into smaller pieces to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule and to make unlimited copies of DNA.

Knowing the sequence of an organisms DNA allows researchers to study specific genes to compare them with the genes of other organisms and to try to discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations.

Vocab

Genetic engineering, restriction enzyme, gel electroopheresis, recombinant DNA, polymearse chain reaction

Sec 3

Key concepts

During transformation a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a prat of the cells DNA.

In transformation is successful the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.

Vocab

Plasmid, genetic marker

Sec 4

Key concepts

Using the basic techniques of genetic engineering a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism. These transformed cells can then be used to grow new organisms.

Vocab

Transgenic, clone

Section 1

1. One example of selective breeding is to pass desired traits on to the next generation.
2. Genetic variations is related to mutations because mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variability.
3. A breeder might induce mutatins by using inbreeding.
4. A polyploid are plants that have had there cells drugged.

Section 2

1. The process scientists use to manipulate a DNA molecule by using different techniques to extract the DNA, cut them into smaller pieces, to identify the sequences and then make unlimitated copies
2. A scientist might want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule so it would be easier for them to make genetic changes to the DNA molecule.
3. Gel electrophoresis is when a mixture of DNA fragments are placed at one end of a porous gel.
4. The techniques that can be used to make multiple copies of a gene is PCR. Some basic steps in the procedure are to heat the DNA into two parts, then cooled to bind the DNA strands then to make copies of the strands.

Section 3

1. Transformation is when a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.
2. You can tell is a transformation experiment has been successful is the external DNA starts to become a part pf the cell’s DNA.
3. Genetic markers are related to transformation because it can only happen if transformation has already been performed.
4. Two features of plasmids that make them useful for transforming cells are a DNA sequence that serves as a bacterial origin of replication, and it also has a genetic marker.

Section 4

1. One practical application for transgenic bateria are formed with genes, for transgenic animals are used to study genes to improve food suply, and transgenic plants are also an important part of food suply.
2. A transgenic organism is an organism containing genes from other organisms.
3. The basic steps that were followed to produce Dolly was to heat the DNA particle into two parts then cooled then copied to make a clone.

1. selective breeding- allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generations
2. hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
3. inbreeding-the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
4. polyploid-Plants grown that have been drugged
5. genetic engineering- making changes in the DNA code of a living organism
6. restriction enzymes- enzymes that cut DNA at a specific sequence
7. gel electrophoresis- a mixture of DNA fragments that are placed at one end of a porous gel
8. recombinant DNA- Dna that is produced by combining DNA from different sources.
9. polymerase chain reaction- allows biologists to “print” genes
10. plasmid- small circular DNA molecule
11. genetic marker- gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those who don’t.
12. transgentic- meaning that they contain genes from other organisms.
13. clone- a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

1.Four or more servings of fruits and vegetables for vitamins and minerals

Folic acid,calcium,iron,sodium and fluids.300 more calories each day

2.3,500 calories per day for twins.The rest is the same as number 1.

3.Drinking to much water will cause increased water retention.

 Feeling about the baby

Day1

1.Im a little nervous.

2.Another life i have to take care of other than mine.

3.Hopefully it is healthy.

4.I hope i can afford it.

5.Hopefully my spouse does not die during the birth.

Unanswered questions about my spouce.

Day 2

I travelled to europe on a business trip and I had a steak in a restaurant and that is where i caught the mad cow disease. Although I do not have it anymore i hope it doesnt effect the baby.

Day 3

Miscarry